Week 10/2024

Until May, Cinema RITCS presents The Power of Belgian Cinema, 11 lectures by Belgian scholars on important movements, films and directors in Belgian film history. On Tuesday 5 March, ULB’s Dominique Nasta will be giving a lecture on the magic realist cinema of André Delvaux, followed by a screening of De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen. Although reactions by the Belgian press were rather lukewarm when Delvaux’s debut was released in 1965, it was well received abroad. Particularly in France, where Jean-Luc Godard and Alain Resnais admired the film for its inventive articulation of time and memory. Delvaux’s compatriots eventually reviewed their opinion. The film is now considered a pinnacle of modernist Belgian film history.

With a screening of John Ford’s The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) at Palace on Thursday 7 March, we turn to the Western frontier. Having worked together with John Wayne on ten features, Ford is largely responsible for the mythology of the Western as we know it today. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance is routinely referred to as the last great Ford film. It sets itself apart from previous Ford films as it tells a story about the modernisation of the West, and the end of the “character” of the cowboy. While Ford is famous for shooting on location in Monument Valley, this film was shot in black and white at the sound stages of Paramount Studios, for financial reasons according to cinematographer William Clothier. At that time, Hollywood’s well-oiled machine began to fall apart.

Set in the 1950s, The Dupes (1972) traces the destinies of three Palestinian refugees brought together by their dispossession, despair and hope for a better future. The protagonists try to make their way across the border from Iraq into Kuwait, the “Promised Land,” concealed in the steel tank of a truck. Based on the 1962 novella Men in the Sun by the assassinated resistance leader Ghassan Kanafani, this is one of the first Arab films to address the Palestinian question. It was banned in several Arab countries due to its implied criticism of Arab governments. The film will be screened at Cinema ZED on Friday 8 March.

De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen
De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen , André Delvaux, 1965, 94’

Family man Govert Miereveld is a teacher at a girls' school, secretly in love with his pupil Fran. One day she disappears and his fancy becomes an obsession.

 

Govert Miereveld: “De wereld schijnt mij altijd zo diffuus Ik zie de waarheid twee-, driedubbel. Maar die diffuusheid, daarin precies geloof ik.”

 

« Les chefs-d’œuvre, au cinéma, ne sont pas légion. Des œuvres de la classe de Citizen Kane, de Pierrot le fou, de Salvatore Giuliano, il ne s’en fait pas dix par an, et même pas cinq, le monde pris dans son entier. L’une des toutes récentes est L’homme au crâne rasé, d’André Delvaux. Un film belge. (...) un indiscutable chef-d’œuvre, L’homme au crâne rasé, le premier long métrage qui nous soit venu de Belgique, ce pays, soit dit en passant, qu’il faudrait apprendre à aimer. »

Michel Cournot1

 

“The first full-length work by André Delvaux and a key film in the history of modern Belgian cinema, The Man Who Had His Hair Cut Short was greeted with bafflement, hostility even, by a national body of critics slow to perceive its dazzling strangeness. The script was adapted from the novel by Flemish writer Johan Daisne. Delvaux summarizes its contents as follows: ‘How Govert Miereveld, a barrister and teacher in a Flemish town, conceives a secret love for his young pupil Fran, an inaccessible beauty who will soon disappear. How the imperceptible process of Govert’s mental disturbance is later accentuated by the shock of an autopsy he is forced to attend. How he recognizes Fran – or believes he recognizes her and what ensues.’ The profound nature of the subject matter, the immediate mastery of mise en scène established Delvaux’s position at the forefront of magic realism. 

The film describes in its first section the awards ceremony of an academic gathering. Everything is perfectly ‘normal’. And yet there is a steadily growing sense of insidious malaise, of pernicious discrepancy. We move beyond appearances. Delvaux plays with the foregrouding of micro-events dilated by a mode of perception which effects a tiny magnification, obscuring reality. The concrete and the interpretation, the objective and the subjective run into each other and blend subtly. The famous autopsy sequence provides the most concise demonstration of this double perception: firstly there is the surgical reality, where a corpse is a neutral object to be clinically dissected; then there is an intolerable catalyst for rot and the disturbance of identity.”

Jacqueline Aubenas2

 

De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen put modern Belgian cinema on the international map. Its success also spurred the planned state support of film production via subsidy grants administered by the two main linguistic communities, French and Flemish, in Belgium. (...) By the time of his death in 2002 Delvaux had become one of the best-known figures in Belgian cinema.

Having already made several short films and become head of the film department at the newly-established state higher educational institution in Brussels (RITS), Delvaux was invited by Flemish public television (BRT) to make a feature film. In a nation notorious for its bicultural tensions, it is remarkable that Delvaux did not make the film in Flemish rather than French for any ideological reason (he considered himself a non-political filmmaker, touching only occasionally on political issues) but simply because BRT gave him an opportunity.

Belgian critics largely derided the film following its Brussels premiere in late 1965, but foreign critics were more enthusiastic. Amongst many others, French critic Michel Ciment praised it in his Positif review in 1966. Selected for London and New York, it soon won prizes at the Hyères Young Cinema Festival in France, at Mannheim and at Pesaro (where it was lauded by Jean-Luc Godard). On its brief reappearance in Brussels in 1967, a number of Belgian critics admitted that they had misunderstood it and had dismissed it partly out of habit, doubting the possibility of such an accomplished Belgian film.

Delvaux resists the master shot, preferring to offer partial views of the action and glimpses of its setting. Whether in over-the-shoulder shots, tracking shots, or close-ups, his camera focuses on Govert most of the time, suggesting his point of view, exploring his sense of place, and showing his reaction to events taking place around him. (...) Delvaux’s attention to detail and avoidance of melodrama set a tone for the performances of his actors, notably that of Senne Rouffaer, whose portrayal of Govert has been described as almost Bressonian in its intense restraint.

Classically trained and experienced in accompanying silent film screenings at the Cinema Museum in Brussels, Delvaux considered music to be so important to the film that he began working with his composer, Frédéric Devreese, whom he described as ‘intuitive,’ before writing the screenplay. Dreamy and romantic in the first part, ominous in the second, a blend in the third and poignant at the end, Devreese’s score is more than incidental. It weaves itself into the fabric of the film in meaningful counterpoint to images and themes.”

Philip Mosley3

 

“There was no money to build sets. Out of necessity we had to use the reality around us. Moreover, we made it in black-and-white as there was no money for colour. But that was our preference anyway, since we had learned much from the great black-and-white tradition in cinema. We also worked with unknown actors, with subjects that could be set up easily and shot very quickly. A rapid technique was required, so we shot mainly in long takes and with very little movement because when you work without movement the shots can be lenghtened – and the dialogue grows longer... It means that the development of the production leads to the aesthetic transformation of the conditions under which you write your scripts and under which you shoot them. It’s an important consideration, because you realise that homo cinematographicus is conditioned as much by money as by anything else.”

André Delvaux4

 

« Présenté au Festival de Pesaro en 1966 à côté de Moullet, Straub, Eustache, L’homme au crâne rasé fut immédiatement accepté par la critique comme un échantillon à peine déviant de ce ‘nouveau cinéma’ qu’on voyait alors écolore partout. (...) Ce qui y frappe avant tout, ce sont toutes les références qu’il provoque, tous les mouvements, les formes, les courants qu’il croise. Histoire d’un amour fou, on pourrait d’emblée le situer sous l’aile, accueillante il est vrai, du surréalisme, et l’avocat Miereveld (Senne Rouffaer) quittant tout, métier, famille, et jusqu’à la simple raison, pour la femme qu’il aime, vaut bien tous les Peter Ibbetson glorifiés par André Breton ou Ado Kyrou. Et puisque ce surréalisme est cinématographique, ne pensera-t-on pas un peu à Bunuel? Sans doute: voyez ces plans, cadrage serré mais sans insistance, juste, mine de rien, la distance du fantastique des objets, sur les outils du médecin légiste (le costotome: ce mot n’eût-il pas ravi le Comte de Lautréamont ?); voyez cette scène chez l’inquiétant coiffeur, à la sensualité morbide, à l’ironie glaçante; voyez cette distribution des prix, où s’étale le morgue indiscrète de la bourgeoisie. Veut-on aussi y trouver (surréalisme et Belgique obligent) un peu de Magritte ? On le peut tout à fait, devant tel plan du médecin et de son assistant contemplant la mer, dos à la caméra, dans leurs complets noirs.

Mais tout cela, cet excès d’étrangeté, cette angoissante présence de l’espace dans des lieux sans cesse vidés (Delvaux admirait Marienbad), cette folie de l’amour, ne s’épuise certes pas dans une référence unique. Delvaux et Johan Daisne, l’auteur du roman, ont au moins voulu en outre s’inscrire dans une tradition flamande du fantastique, qu’on pourrait en deux mots définir par la fascination pour la pourriture. (...) Ce film à vrai dire est l’un des rares qui évoquent des odeurs, et toujours celles, puissantes, du pourri: coupe de fruits blets, dans l’appartement coquet de l’avocat, cadavres, et ‘ces relents de basse-cour’ issus de l’enfance, que Miereveld tent vainement d’exorciser par ‘tant de bains, tant de soins capillaires’ (se raser le crâne: exorcisme suprême ?).

On pourrait encore pointer telles rencontres, plus superficielles sans doute, avec le Nouveau Roman, dans un usage distancié, dé-psychologisé, de la première personne du singulier et du monologue intérieur, dans cette incertitude surtout qui affecte constamment le personnage de Fran, la femme aimée. (...) [C]ette femme existe-t-elle ? (...) La Femme et la Mort, toute la vieille iconographie de la Tentation, du Péché, du Mal, de la Déchéance humaine est brassée par le film, et submerge la simple question de l’irréalisme ou du réalisme. (...) Les images de ce film ne pèsent elles-mêmes jamais tant que lorsqu’elles sont ancrées dans le profond du réel, par l’odeur, le bruit, les silences audibles. C’est ce qui donne à la scène du cimetière, à la scène d’ouverture dans l'appartement feutré de l’avocat, à la paisible conclusion, tout leurs poids documentaire, leur poids de réalité.

De ce début à cette fin, le visage [de Senne Rouffaer] fait le vide, de contracté et hâve il est devenu lisse et serein; entre les deux, il sera passé par toutes les nuances de la veulerie, de la défaite – mais tout cela, et c'est là le précieux du film, sans mimiques, sans jeu, sans afféteries. Avec ce film et grâce à ce visage, Delvaux avait trouvé un jeu ‘blanc’ (comme on parle d’écriture blanche), aussi fort que celui de Robert Bresson, dans un autre style, et que sa technique glaciale servait parfaitement. »

Jacques Aumont5

 

1. Au hasard Balthazar (Robert Bresson)
2. Walkover (Jerzy Skolimowski)
3. Non réconciliés (Jean-Marie Straub & Danièle Huillet)
4. Masculin féminin (Jean-Luc Godard)
5. L’homme au crâne rasé (André Delvaux)
6. Seven Women (John Ford)
7. La prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV (Roberto Rossellini)
8. Torn Curtain (Alfred Hitchcock)
9. Red Line 7000 (Howard Hawks)
10. I pugni in tasca (Marco Bellocchio)

Cahiers du Cinéma’stop 10 of 19666

  • 1Michel Cournot dans Le Nouvel Observateur, 15 juin 1966.
  • 2Jacqueline Aubenas, “De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen,” In Marianne Thys (ed.), Belgian Cinema/Le Cinéma Belge/De Belgische Film (Gent: Ludion, 1999): 423.
  • 3Philip Mosley, “De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen,” In Ernest Mathijs (ed.), The Cinema of the Low Countries (London: Wallflower, 2004), 77-85.
  • 4André Delvaux cited in Philip Mosley, “De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen,” In Ernest Mathijs (ed.), The Cinema of the Low Countries (London: Wallflower, 2004), 78.
  • 5Jacques Aumont, “L'homme au crâne rasé,” In Guy Jungblut, Patrick Leboutte & Dominique Païni (eds.), Une Encyclopédie des Cinémas de Belgiques (Crismée: Editions Yellow Now, 1990), 127-129.
  • 6“Les meilleurs films de l’annéé 1966,” Cahiers du cinéma, 187 (1967), 15.
    De man die zijn haar kort liet knippen was included in the top 10 of Jean Eustache (n° 1), Jean Narboni (n° 2), André Téchiné (n° 3), Marcel Hanoun (n° 3), Luc Moullet (n° 4), Jean-Louis Comolli (n° 7), Jacques Rivette, Georges Sadoul, Michel Ciment and Jean-Daniel Pollet, among others.
screening
Cinema RITCS, Brussels
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance , John Ford, 1962, 123’

A senator returns to a Western town for the funeral of an old friend and tells the story of his origins.

EN

“Just a couple of minutes after Ransom Stoddard has actually arrived in the West, the projection of The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance strikes us with euphoria: we are fifteen years old, this joyful age when one is a connoisseur of westerns without knowing it. I can see from here the reaction of a Jean-Pierre Léaud coming out of the cinema, in a Truffaut film, and I can hear him simply say : ‘Terrific!’ I imagine the young Africans from Jean Rouch’s films feverishly mimicking John Wayne, James Stewart and Lee Marvin in the suburbs of Abidjan. I also imagine, why not, the delighted faces of the spectators in a cinema on the outskirts of Moscow. In short, it seems to me unthinkable that the pleasure taken in a film like this would not be universal. It lies in its very nature to be universal. What Jean George Auriol said about American cinema most emphatically comes to mind then: ‘… one of the rare gifts, finally, our civilization still has to offer us.’”

Claude-Jean Philippe1

  • 1Claude-Jean Philippe, « L’Amérique par excellence (L’Homme qui tua Liberty Valance) », Cahiers du cinéma 137 (1962): 40.

FR

« Au bout de quelques minutes, au moment où Ransom Stoddard est vrai­ment arrivé dans l’Ouest, la projec­tion de The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance nous frappe d’euphorie et nous avons quinze ans, cet âge heu­reux où l’on est connaisseur en wes­terns sans le savoir. Je vois d’ici la réaction d’un Jean-Pierre Léaud sor­tant du cinéma, et d’un film de Truf­faut, et je l’entends dire simplement : « Terrible ! » J’imagine les jeunes Africains de Jean Rouch mimant fié­vreusement dans les faubourgs d’Abid­jan John Wayne, James Stewart et Lee Marvin. J’imagine aussi, pourquoi pas, la face réjouie des spectateurs dans un cinéma de la banlieue mosco­vite. Bref, il m’est impossible de pen­ser que le plaisir pris à un tel film n’est pas universel. Il entre dans sa nature même d’être universel. Les pa­roles de Jean George Auriol à propos du cinéma américain me reviennent alors avec insistance : « ...un des rares cadeaux enfin que notre civilisation peut encore nous faire. » »

Claude-Jean Philippe1

  • 1Claude-Jean Philippe, « L’Amérique par excellence (L’Homme qui tua Liberty Valance», Cahiers du cinéma 137 (1962): 40.
screening
Palace, Brussels
Al-makhdu’un
The Dupes
Al-makhdu’un , Tewfik Saleh, 1972, 107’

Set in the 1950s, The Dupes traces the destinies of three different men brought together by their dispossession, their despair and their hope for a better future. The protagonists are Palestinian refugees who are trying to make their way across the border from Iraq into Kuwait, the 'Promised Land,' concealed in the steel tank of a truck. Representing different dimensions of the Palestinian experience, each one believes he can make a new life for himself, but as the film’s title suggests, their flight is no solution.

EN

“I worked on the adaptation of Men in the Sun by Ghassan Kanafani – a militant of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine assassinated on 9 July 1972 in Beirut by the Zionist secret services (Mossad) – from 1964 to 1971. My intentions and my interpretation of the novel and its characters changed in light of the tragic events that took place in the region in June 1967 and September 1970. In the latest version, I wanted to emphasise the element of escape that characterises the Middle East at this time. Three characters from three different generations, representing three phases of the same collective problem, decide to flee their situation in search of what each considers or hopes to be their individual salvation. But the end is very different from their expectations; there is no individual salvation from a collective tragedy. And this is the lesson that history teaches us every day.”

Tewfik Saleh1

 

“In this, one of Arab cinema’s best dramas of real suspense, individuals and people, the world and time, desire and the law all flicker off and on and finally consume each other.” 

Lizbeth Malkmus and Roy Armes2

  • 1Tahar Cheriaa, Tewfik Saleh, in Dossiers du cinéma: Cinéastes, (Paris: Casterman, 1971).
  • 2Lizbeth Malkmus and Roy Armes, Arab and African Film Making (London: Zed Books Ltd, 1991).
screening
Cinema ZED, Leuven
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